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International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF, ISSN: 0974-4304, ISSN(Online): 2455-9563 Vol.9, No.8, pp 31-35, 2016
First Report: Pathological Potential of Fungi on Moringa Oleifera Lam in Egypt El-Sayed Hussain Ziedan1, Eman Saleh Farrag2, 3* and Sabry Younis Mahmoud4 1Plant Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 2Agricultural Botany Department (Plant Pathology), Faculty of Agriculture, Qena, South Valley University, Egypt. 3University of Hafr Albatin, College of Applied Medical Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, 1704, Hafr Al Batin-319 91, Saudi Arabia. 4Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Egypt. Abstract : During 2013 and 2014 Moringa oleifera Lam wilt syndromes were observed on shoot system before flowering stage. The objective of this study was to isolate and identification of pathogens responsible for root-rot observed on Moringa oleifera in Egypt. Two isolates of Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel were isolated from diseased tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal isolates were purified and identification according to morphological, cultural and microscopic characters. Chlorosis, yellowish, curls, wilt and dryness symptoms were developed on flowering stage. Dried leaves were dropped which led to stripping appearance. Main stem and branches became leaves-free within 5 days after initial symptoms were observed. Soften-rot of stem base and main root were also observed as soaking tissue with brown discoloration. Heavy white mycelial growth was showed on diseased tissue 3 days after incubation in damping chamber at 25°C under highly relative humidity condition. Pathogencity test on Moringa oleifera trees revealed that one isolate was highly causing wilt syndromes on shoot system and soften rot-root. Pathogenic isolate was re-isolated from diseased soften roots. Conclusion: This is first record of root-rot on Moringa oleifera in Egypt. Keyword: Fusarium semitectum, Moringa oleifera, rot-root. Introduction The Moringaceae (Horseradish tree family), contains 13 species from tropical and subtropical climates that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees. The most widely cultivated species is Moringa oleifera, which growing in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. All parts of the plant can be used for medicine, biofuel, industrial product food and animal feed1. In addition, Moringa oleifera plant extracts have been reported to be safe, non-toxic to man, and effective against plant pathogens of cowpea i.e., damping-off and stem-rot diseases caused by Sclorotium rolfsi2 and wet rot disease on sweet potato caused by Rhizopus stolonifer3. In addition, 4mentioned that Moringa oleifera a good candidate for bio prospecting fungicide against Gibberella xylarioides causing wilt of coffee. Moringa is fairly pest and disease resistant, particularly since its fast growth allows it to regenerate quickly. The most serious foliar diseases in Moringa are leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora moringae5, Cercospora apii a new host of Moringa oleifera6, brown spots caused by Cercospora spp., Septoria lycopersici and Alternaria solani 7, Powdery mildew caused by Levellula taurica8. In addition, soil borne diseases were recorded, such as wilt disease of Moringa seedlings caused by Fusarium oxsporium f. sp. MoringaeMaterials and Methods Isolation and identification of causal pathogens During 2013 and 2014 at Kafer El-Abida village, El-Mehalla El-Kobra District, Gharbeia Governorate, Egypt, Moringa plants suffer from diseases symptoms. The plants have chlorosis, yellowish, and wilt syndromes on leaves and branches. Also, soften rot of main root and stem base with brown discoloration as well as mycelium of fungal growth were observed (Figures 1 and 2). Soften tissues samples were obtained from stem base and roots and then cut into small square parts (0.5 cm). Samples were surface sterilized for 1min using 5% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed in sterile distilled water several times and then plated on PDA at 25-28°C for 5 days. Fungal isolates were purified using single spore culture technique and identified according to information from 12,13. Pathogencity test Pathogenic potential of fungal isolates on Moringa oleifera was carried out on 2015 growing season at National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt. Plastic pots 25 cm-diameter containing sterilized loamy-sand soil inoculated with each fungal inocula 5% (w/w) were used. Fungal inocula was prepared on sterilized sand corn medium (SCM) according to14. Fifteen pots were used as a replicates for each isolate and 5 ones were served as a control. Each pot was seeding with five seeds. Wilt on shoot system and root-rot plants were observed 30 after sowing. Results Root rot incidence on Moringa oleifera plants During 2013 and 2014, leaves wilting, root softening and root brown discoloration syndromes have been observed on 4-8 months old Moringa plants at Kafer El-Abida village, El-Mehalla El-Kobra District, Gharbeia Governorate, Egypt. The symptoms began as a chlorosis on lower leaves, which turned to yellowish and extended to upper leaves. At final stage, brown discoloration of root tissues and stem base was observed (Figures 1 and 2). Fig. 1: Different wilt syndromes of shoot system on Moringa plants at vegetative stage (4 months), (A) healthy, (B) chlorosis, (C) yellowish and wilt and (D) dead plant. Fig. 2: Syndromes of shoot system and stem base on Moringa plants at flowering stage (8 months) showing, (A) typical wilt compared to healthy plant, (B) clear yellowish of leaves and (C), soften rot, brown discoloration on stem base and roots of diseased plant, and white mycelia growth. Isolation and identification of causal pathogens Routine isolation from diseased roots and softens tissues on PDA medium yielded two isolates of Fusarium semitectum as shown in Figure (3). Heavy white mycelial growth and pigment were observed on PDA medium 5 days after incubation at 25 °C. Fig. 3: Culture of Fusarium semitectum isolate on PDA medium. (A), mycelia growth and (B), fungal pigment. Pathoenisity test One isolate of Fusarium semitectum showed highly pathogenic reaction against Moringa plants, which causing wilt symptoms on shoot system after 30 days as shown in Figure (4). Chlorosis and yellowish were observed on lower leaves, which extended towards to upper leaves. The wilt, leaves dryness, leaves-free shoots and root-rot was appeared as shown in Figure (4). Also, reduction of root size, abnormal shape of roots and maceration root tissue as well as dryness with brown discoloration were appeared. Pathogenic isolate of Fusarium semitectum causing high reduction of Moringa plant growth and plant height as shown in Figure (4). Pathogenic isolate caused root-rot of Moringa plants was successfully reisolated from diseased root rotten tissue. No pathological effect was observed with second isolate of Fusarium sp. Fig. 4: Wilt and root-rot syndromes on Moringa plants. (A) Shoot system; shown chlorosis, yellowish and wilt induced by Fusarium semitectum (left pot) compared to control plants (right pot). (B) Root system; shown healthy root ( left) compared to two roots having root-rot, whereas, size reduction, abnormal shape and maceration tissue as well as dryness with brown discoloration was shown on roots. Discussion Moringa oleifera belongs to family Moringaceae and is commonly found in India .Various parts of this plant such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods, possess antitumor, antipyretic, antiepileptic, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal activities, and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine, particularly in South Asia15. Fungal diseases are the most serious on Moringa which cause defoliation and low levels of commercial production. Out of these, brown spots caused by Cercospora spp., Septoria lycopersici, Alternaria solani5,7, powdery mildew caused by Levellula taurica8 and Cercospora apii6. Wilt disease of wild Moringa caused by Fusarium oxsporium f. sp. moringae was recorded9 and root rot caused by Diplodia sp.8,10. In China, wilting of young shoots and branches dieback caused by Fusarium semitectum11. On the other hand , no pathological potential was recorded on Moringa olifera in Egypt ,due to several seed borne fungal genera are associated with including Rhizoctonia solani,Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus spp.16. Our observation clearly indicate that fungal isolates of Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav causing root-rot of Moringa plants .As far as the authors are aware and according to the available literature, this is the first record of fungal disease on Moringa plant in Egypt. References
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