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International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF, ISSN: 0974-4304, ISSN(Online): 2455-9563 Vol.9, No.12, pp 215-222, 2016
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Influence of cobalt on Faba bean production under different nitrogen rates
Nadia Gad1; M.R.Abdel-Moez1 and F. Anter2
1Plant Nutrution Dep. National Research Center, El-Behoos, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
2Soils and Water Use Dep. National Research Center, El-Behoos, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract : Two field experiments carried out to evaluate the effect of cobalt and different nitrogen doses on faba bean production. The experiments were conducted at Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, El-Nobaria Site, Beheara Governorate, Delta Egypt under drip irrigation system on 2014 and 2015 seasons.
The obtained results are summarized in the following:-
*Cobalt has a significant primitive effect on nitrogenase enzyme activity and nodulation rate especially with 100 % N followed by 75% N.
*Cobalt significantly increased faba bean growth, seeds yield as well as minerals and biochemical contents under all nitrogen rates compared with control (100% N alone).
*Cobalt with 75% N gave the greatest figures compared with 100% N alone.
*Cobalt with 50% N was no significant while with 25% N gave the lowest once.
Finally, the addition of cobalt to the soil, save 25% nitrogen fertilizer and could be reduced nitrogen environmental pollution and induced the agricultural cost for more money of farmers
Key words: faba bean – cobalt – nitrogen fertilizer.
Introduction
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one among the most important nutritive seed legumes and widely considered as a good resource of protein and minerals. Faba bean is one of the major winter sown legume crops and has considerable importance as a low cost food rich in proteins and carbohydrates in Egypt.
Nitrogen proved to be one of the greatest influences on faba bean growth as well as seed yield quantity and its quality.
With increasing mineral fertilizers cost and questions as to their availability in future (Parr and Hornic, 1), cobalt is an essential element for legumes due to its essentiality for micro-organisms fixing atmospheric nitrogen (Evans and Kliwer, 2).
Cobalt was directly proportional to vitamin B12 content which plays an important role in enhancement fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Cobalt is essential for growth rhizobia, the specific bacteria involved the legume nodulation and nitrogen Fixation into amino acids and protein in nitrogen fixing bacteria, the nitrogenase enzyme drive the reaction of ATP (Watson et al, 3). Due et al 4 showed that cobalt at 8 ppm had a greatest growth parameters as well as pods and seeds yield in cowpea. Sowicki 5 reported that cobalt at 0.21 k/ha increased plant height, number of branches and leaves, leaf area index, dry weight of shoots along with pods yield of groundnut. Nasef et al6 stated that cobalt gave significantly higher biomass production and seeds yield of cowpea compared with untreated plants.
Balai and Majumdar7 showed that cobalt increased total phenol content and water potential of cowpea leaves compared with control. Jayakumar et al 8 stated that all minerals content of blackgram were increased with cobalt at 50 mg/kg soil, when compared with the control. Abdul Jaleel et al 9 added that cobalt at 50 mg/kg soil increased carotenoids, antioxidant enzymes like catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in green gram plants compared with control.
Nadia Gad et al 10 found that cobalt at 12 ppm significantly increased nodulation rate, growth, pods and seeds yield, minerals and biochemical contents of faba bean seeds.
This work was carried out to elasporte further the role of cobalt and agriculture compost waste on faba bean production.
Materials and Methods
Soil analysis:
Physical and chemical properties of Nubaria Soil were determined and particle size distributions along with soil moisture were determined as described by Blackmore11. Soil pH, EC, cations and anions, organic matter, CaCO3, total nitrogen and available P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu were run according to Black et al.,12. Determination of soluble, available and total cobalt was determined according to method described by Cottenie et al., 13. Some physical and chemical properties of Nubaria soil are shown in Table (1)
Table (1). Some physical and chemical properties of Nubaria soil.
Physical properties |
|||||||||||
Particle size distribution % |
Soil moisture constant % |
||||||||||
Sand 70.8 |
Silt 25.6 |
Clay 3.6 |
Soil texture Sandy loam |
Saturation 32.0 |
FC 19.2 |
WP 6.1 |
AW 13.1 |
||||
Chemical properties |
|||||||||||
|
Soluble cations (meq1L) |
Soluble anions (meq-1L) |
|||||||||
pH 1:2.5 |
EC (dS m-1) |
CaCO3 % |
OM % |
Ca++ |
Mg++ |
K+ |
Na+ |
HCO3- |
CO3 |
Cl- |
SO4= |
8.49 |
1.74 |
3.4 |
0.20 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
1.6 |
1.80 |
0.3 |
- |
1.9 |
0.5 |
Cobalt |
Total |
Available |
Available micronutrients |
||||||||
ppm |
mg 100 g-1 soil |
ppm |
|||||||||
Soluble |
Available |
Total |
N |
P |
K |
Fe |
Mn |
Zn |
Cu |
||
0.35 |
4.88 |
9.88 |
15.1 |
13.3 |
4.49 |
4.46 |
2.71 |
4.52 |
5.2 |
FC (Field capacity), WP (Welting point), AW (Available water)
Experimental works:-
Two field experiments were conducted in the winter growing seasons, 2014 and 2015 on faba bean at Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt to evaluate the effect of cobalt on the plant response to different rates of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers.
Seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) var. Giza Kindly obtained from Agronomy Department, ministry of Agriculture, Egypt were inoculated with selective strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum var. vicia prior to sown on 8,11 October 2014 and 2015 under drip irrigation system.
Experiment was consists of 8 treatments. Each treatment was represented by three plots. Each plot area was 5x3 meter, consists of three rows, calcium super phosphate (15.5%) at 200 kg/fed was added during soil preparation; 20 kg/fed ammonium sulphate (20.5%N) and 50 kg/fed potassium sulphate (48% k2o) were added. Faba bean seedlings (at third truly leaf) were irrigated once with cobalt at 12 ppm according Nadia Gad et al 10.
A number of 8 treatments were concluded:-
Control (100% recommended NH2 SO4)
75% NH2 SO4
50% NH2 SO4 without cobalt
25% NH2 SO4
Control (100% recommended NH2 SO4)
75% NH2 SO4
50% NH2 SO4 with 12 ppm cobalt
25% NH2 SO4
All required agriculture managements for plants growth and production were carried out as recommended by Ministry of Agriculture.
Measurement nodulation parameters:-
After 50 days from sowing, nodulation rate was record i.e. number of both total and active nodules as well as its biomass. Also nitrogenase enzyme was determined according to Hardy et al 14.
Measurement of plant vegetative growth:
After 58 days from sowing to study the vegetative growth parameters expressed as plant height, number of branches and leaves, leaves area, root length as well as fresh and dry weights of both shoots and roots according to FAO 15.
Measurement of pods an seeds yield:-
After 90 days from sowing, pods and seeds yield and its quality such as number of pods per plant, pod length, pod width, fresh weight of 100 seeds and total yield (ton/fed). Were determined according to Gabal et al 16.
Measurements of Nutritional status:
In pea seeds, macronutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) as well as cobalt content were determined according to Cottenie et al 13.
Measurement of Chemical constituents:
In pea seeds, total proteins, total carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, total soluble solids as well as vitamins A and C were determined according to A.O.A.C 17.
Statistical Analysis:
All data were subjected to statistical analysis according to procedure outlined by SAS 18 computer program and means were compared by LSD method according to authors, Sendecor and Cochran 19.
Results and Discussion
Nodulation and Nitrogen fixation:-
The obtained data in Table (2) indicate that cobalt has a significant positive effect on faba bean root nodules parameters under different nitrogen levels compared with the untreated plants. Cobalt recorded the maximum faba bean nodules parameters i.e. nodules number per plant, fresh and dry weights of nodules with 100% nitrogen followed by 75% nitrogen. Reducing the level of nitrogen up to 50% nitrogen was not significant while with 25% nitrogen, cobalt gave the lowest nodulation rate after 50 days from sowing in the two seasons.
Table (2):- Faba bean nodulation parameters as affected by cobalt under different nitrogen levels after 50 days from sowing (Means of two seasons).
Nitrogen treatments (%) |
Nodules number per plant (nodule) |
Nodules fresh weight (g) |
Nodules dry weight (g) |
Nitrogenase activity μ mol 2CH2 /g/h |
|
Without cobalt |
|||
100 |
129.3 |
13.51 |
3.93 |
18.6 |
75 |
121.6 |
13.09 |
3.74 |
17.5 |
50 |
112.2 |
12.78 |
3.22 |
16.7 |
25 |
104.5 |
11.13 |
2.96 |
14.9 |
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With cobalt at 12 ppm |
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100 |
153.6 |
15.95 |
4.61 |
21.7 |
75 |
144.9 |
15.09 |
4.23 |
20.4 |
50 |
132.0 |
13.74 |
3.89 |
18.6 |
25 |
116.2 |
11.19 |
2.94 |
17.0 |
LSD 5% |
3.3 |
0.65 |
0.19 |
0.3 |
These results are in harmony with those obtained by Balai et al 20 who pointed that cobalt significantly improved total nodules and its dry weight, number and weight of effective nodules and root dry weight in cowpea plants compared with control plants. Data in Table (2) also reflected that cobalt can play a vital role in increasing nitrogenase enzyme activity with all nitrogen levels of faba bean root nodulation compared with control. Cobalt record the best rate of the nitrogenase enzyme activity with 100% followed by 75% nitrogen compared with the control (100% N alone). With the rate of 50% nitrogen cobalt no significantly while, with 25% nitrogen gave the lowest once. These results are agree with those obtained by Epstein 21 who showed that the co-enzyme cabalamin has cobalt (111) as a metal component, cheleated to four nitrogen atoms at the center of prophyrin structure similar to that of iron in hemin. In rhizobium species, enzymes dependents with cobalt induced their activities are primarily responsible for the relationship to nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legumes.
Vegetative growth:
Faba bean growth parameters as affected by cobalt and nitrogen levels after 60 days from sowing are given in Table (3). Data indicate that cobalt at 12 ppm has a significant promotive effect on all growth parameters such as plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, leaf area index, root length as well as shoot and root biomass under different nitrogen levels compared with untreated plants. It is clear that cobalt enhance all faba bean growth parameters especially with 100% and 75% nitrogen compared with the control (100% N alone).
As nitrogen level was reduced, cobalt promotive effect reduced. Cobalt with 25% nitrogen resulted the lowest figures. These results are a good agreement with those obtained by Nadia Gad 22 who found that cobalt gave the greatest figures of groundnut growth parameters especially with 100% N followed by 75% while 50% N cobalt was not significant, cobalt resulted the lowest once with 25% N compared with control (100% N alone).
Table (3): Faba bean growth parameters as affected by cobalt under different nitrogen levels after 60 days from sowing (Means of two seasons).
Nitrogen treatments (%) |
Plant hight (cm) |
Number/plant |
Leaves area index (cm2) |
Root Length (cm) |
Dry weight (g) |
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Branches |
Leaves |
Shoot |
Root |
||||
Without cobalt |
|
||||||
100 |
128.0 |
8.1 |
58.7 |
2179 |
12.6 |
46.8 |
4.67 |
75 |
125.5 |
7.0 |
57.2 |
2134 |
11.9 |
45.1 |
3.89 |
50 |
123.0 |
5.5 |
49.6 |
1288 |
10.3 |
40.9 |
3.34 |
25 |
119.6 |
4.3 |
42.9 |
1134 |
8.82 |
35.1 |
2.19 |
|
With cobalt at 12 ppm |
||||||
100 |
134.2 |
11.1 |
62.5 |
2387 |
16.7 |
54.8 |
6.59 |
75 |
131.4 |
9.9 |
61.9 |
2345 |
14.9 |
53.0 |
5.71 |
50 |
127.3 |
7.62 |
53.8 |
2330 |
12.8 |
47.4 |
4.62 |
25 |
122.7 |
6.11 |
49.4 |
1762 |
10.6 |
40.9 |
2.98 |
LSD 5% |
2.5 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
15.0 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.79 |
Yield characteristics:-
Obtained results in Table (4) show that cobalt significantly increase all studied yield parameters of faba bean i.e., pods number per plant, pods weight per plant, weight of 100 seeds, seeds yield per plant, seeds yield per feddan. Cobalt increase all faba bean yield parameters under different nitrogen rates comparison with untreated plants. Cobalt increase faba bean seeds yield with 75% N about by 118.22% compared with control (100% N alone). Cobalt also saved 25% nitrogen fertilizer.
Table (4): Faba bean seeds yield as affected by cobalt under different nitrogen levels (Means of two seasons).
Nitrogen treatments(%) |
Number of pods/plant |
Pod weight per plant(g) |
Seeds yield per plant(g) |
Seeds yield(kg/fed)
|
|
Without cobalt |
|||
100 |
22.1 |
94.6 |
105.9 |
847.2 |
75 |
18.2 |
85.7 |
94.5 |
756.0 |
50 |
13.2 |
70.5 |
83.7 |
669.6 |
25 |
9.82 |
61.7 |
72.3 |
578.4 |
|
With Cobalt at 12 ppm |
|||
100 |
32.5 |
104.2 |
128.8 |
1030.4 |
75 |
28.3 |
96.7 |
125.2 |
1001.6 |
50 |
21.5 |
85.9 |
104.3 |
834.4 |
25 |
18.5 |
71.6 |
86.9 |
695.2 |
LSD 5% |
3.9 |
7.5 |
3.6 |
28.3 |
According to Due et al4 cobalt had a highest pods and seeds yield in cowpea compared with control. Abdul Jaleel et al9,23 added that cobalt addition in soil increased all growth parameters along with yield parameters such as seedling vigor, number and weight of both pods and seeds yield in green gram (Vigno radiate L.) and maize (Zea maize L.) plants.
Nutritional Status:-
The data concerning the effect of cobalt on nutritional contents of faba bean are given in Table (5). Data reveal that cobalt has a synergistic effect on minerals composition of faba bean seeds under different nitrogen rates compared with control (100% N alone).
Nitrogen, p and K content:-
Data in Table (5) show that cobalt significantly increased the content of N, P and K in faba bean seeds with all nitrogen rates. Cobalt gave the maximum values with 100% N followed by 75% N. With nitrogen rate at 50% cobalt was no significant while with 25% N gave the lowest figures. These data are in harmony with those obtained by Jana et al24 who found that cobalt significantly increased N, P and K content in groundnut seeds compared with untreated plants.
Table (5): Faba bean seeds minerals composition as affected by cobalt under different nitrogen levels (Means of two seasons).
Nitrogen treatments (%) |
Macronutrients (%) |
Micronutrients (ppm) |
Cpbalt (ppm) |
|||||
N |
P |
K |
Mn |
Zn |
Cu |
Fe |
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|
Without cobalt |
|||||||
100 |
3.92 |
0.192 |
1.81 |
36.3 |
29.2 |
23.9 |
168.4 |
0.68 |
75 |
3.71 |
0.183 |
1.76 |
32.9 |
26.8 |
21.2 |
168.3 |
0.68 |
50 |
3.17 |
0.174 |
1.70 |
29.8 |
24.5 |
19.1 |
167.0 |
0.67 |
25 |
2.88 |
0.169 |
1.66 |
22.92 |
21.4 |
16.5 |
167.0 |
0.67 |
|
With Cobalt at 12 ppm |
|||||||
100 |
4.65 |
0.198 |
1.86 |
39.0 |
33.0 |
28.5 |
163.5 |
7.31 |
75 |
4.44 |
0.191 |
1.82 |
36.7 |
31.2 |
26.0 |
160.0 |
7.11 |
50 |
3.81 |
0.186 |
1.75 |
33.4 |
28.8 |
23.7 |
158.3 |
6.82 |
25 |
3.07 |
0.174 |
1.69 |
28.3 |
25.6 |
21.3 |
156.1 |
6.23 |
LSD 5% |
0.11 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
0.21 |
Manganese, Zn and Cu:-
Data in Table (5) also indicate that cobalt had a beneficial effect on Mn, Zn and Cu content in Faba bean seeds cinder all nitrogen rates. The highest values with 100% N followed by 75% N. The content of Mn, Zn and Cu record the high levels with 75% N with cobalt comparison with 100% N alone. Under 50% N, cobalt was no significant However, cobalt with 25% N gave the lowest once. The results reveal as mentioned by Nadia Gad et al 25 who stated that cobalt significantly increased Mn, Zn and Cu Content in soybean seeds.
Iron content:-
Data in Table (5) show that with the increasing cobalt content in faba bean seeds iron was reduced. These results are in good agreement with those found by Blaylock et al 26 who found that cobalt addition in plant growth media in progressive depression effect on iron in soybean plants.
Cobalt status:-
El-Kobbia and Osman27 pointed that there was evidence that when plant roots absorb water, soil containing cobalt moves from the non-rhizosphere soil towards roots by mass flow. Data in Table (5) indicate cobalt content in faba bean seeds increased with cobalt addition in plant media. The mentioned by Nadia Gad 28.
Chemical constituents:-
The data in Table (6) reveal that cobalt has a significant positive effect on chemical content of faba bean seeds i.e., total protein, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars percentage with all nitrogen doses.
Table (6): Faba bean seeds chemical constituents as affected by cobalt under different nitrogen levels (Means of two seasons).
Nitrogen treatments |
Total Proteins |
Total Carbohydrates |
Total soluble Sugars |
Vitamin (A) |
% |
(M/100g) |
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Without cobalt |
||||
100 |
24.50 |
55.7 |
5.21 |
8.11 |
75 |
23.19 |
54.9 |
4.89 |
7.87 |
50 |
19.81 |
52.3 |
4.79 |
7.08 |
25 |
18.00 |
50.5 |
3.68 |
6.89 |
With cobalt at 12 ppm |
||||
100 |
29.06 |
57.0 |
5.72 |
8.71 |
75 |
27.75 |
55.9 |
5.39 |
8.26 |
50 |
23.81 |
53.6 |
4.91 |
7.89 |
25 |
19.19 |
52.0 |
4.03 |
7.14 |
LSD 5% |
1.62 |
1.1 |
0.18 |
0.3 |
Cobalt with 75% nitrogen resulted the highest figures compared with 100% nitrogen alone. Those reported by Vijayarenagan et al 29 who found that cobalt at 50 mg/kg soil had a beneficial values of biochemical of groundnut seeds like total proteins, total carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, starch and amino acids when compared with untreated plants.
Conclusion:-
Cobalt at 12 ppm significantly increases all growth and yield parameters in faba bean under nitrogen doses. Cobalt gave the maximum values especially with 100% N followed by 75%. Cobalt with 75% N gave the greatest nodulation rates, growth, seeds yield, minerals composition as well as chemical constituents in seeds. Cobalt enhance seeds quantity and quality compared with100% N alone. Cobalt saved about 25% of the recommended nitrogen fertilizer dose.
References
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